Explaining Ham Radio

[kd8efq]

My 14 year old nephew whom is very intelligent; does really well in the realms of science, often asks me about Ham Radio. I however are not very good at explaining things- which explains why I never would've become a teacher of any sort. Honestly, I'm not even sure if he's interested in getting his ticket because I'm failing to explain the purpose(s)- the art/service/ hobby that it is. While I absolutely despise cell phones, I own one (pay as you go deal) because it's the only way I can keep in touch with family and friends that basically are almost totally unfamiliar with Ham Radio- and seem ti find it "too hard" to get licensed! We are often regarded as "geeks" as well! And, I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!

Sometimes I try to exlpain that outside of weather related diasters, there might come a time when Ham Radio might be the ONLY form of communication at which will be the ONLY way "the masses" will get their food, safety and comfort. And then I get regarded as one of those "nuts waiting for total catastrophy- survivialists, harboring anarchist type thinking"!

Please, what is one to do?

Any and all help will be apreciated- even if it was meant to be comical!

73!

[K4JSR]

"I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!"

I think that the folks who inhabit "THE ZED" are a very diverse bunch.

I think we have a rather eclectic collective appitite, *BUT* I do not think any of us go around biting the heads off of live chickens!! :eek:

Seriously, if you have trouble explaining ham radio try demonstrating some of the things that you do as a ham. One good demonstration is worth 1 X 10^4
words.

Some NERDS CANDY while demonstrating ham radio may help! :D

73 Cal K4JSR

[N2NKW]

My 14 year old nephew whom is very intelligent; does really well in the realms of science, often asks me about Ham Radio. I however are not very good at explaining things- which explains why I never would've become a teacher of any sort. Honestly, I'm not even sure if he's interested in getting his ticket because I'm failing to explain the purpose(s)- the art/service/ hobby that it is. While I absolutely despise cell phones, I own one (pay as you go deal) because it's the only way I can keep in touch with family and friends that basically are almost totally unfamiliar with Ham Radio- and seem ti find it "too hard" to get licensed! We are often regarded as "geeks" as well! And, I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!

Sometimes I try to exlpain that outside of weather related diasters, there might come a time when Ham Radio might be the ONLY form of communication at which will be the ONLY way "the masses" will get their food, safety and comfort. And then I get regarded as one of those "nuts waiting for total catastrophy- survivialists, harboring anarchist type thinking"!

Please, what is one to do?

Any and all help will be apreciated- even if it was meant to be comical!

73!

Set him down by the radio, make a dx contact or local and use pen and paper to show him how propagation works. Answer his questions and/or give him one of your own ARRL books if you have one. Don't push only the emcomm aspect of it. Show him the FUN of talking to Madagascar or someplace off the map. Even with just a 102' and a tuner. Eyes and hands on are so much more fun then a boring talk

[K2WH]

I would say the poster has asked this question of the wrong people. Counting the postings of many on this site, including myself seems not alot of time is spent on the air.

So, explain to him that Ham Radio is composed of a bunch or moronic geeks who use the internet more than their fancy $ 2,000 radio. The radio and license is just for show.

K2WH

[ad5mb]

It can be a challenge, if you want it to be. Not like 40 years ago, but more so than most things today.

You have to design, build and operate an entire system. Pretty much a plug and play operation in 2008, unless you choose to homebrew or run exotic modes like ATV, satellite or moonbounce.

Even a plug and play station requires more system integration and operating skills than most young people see today.

The communication is of secondary importance to me, I derive pleasure from knowing that I can. The communication is just validation of technical ability. It's the T-shirt in been there, done that, got the T-shirt

I try to do everything I can with 802.11. Long links, meshing, VPN & DDNS. Same gratification; shorter distances, valuable workplace skills. That may be where the young people go today, that would have been hams 40 years back.

[W5HTW]

Yep, put him in front of the radio and let him listen. That's the first step. Pick the call signs of some far away stations, even a few states away, and tell him where they are. Let him monitor a conversation. In other words, a demonstration is a starting point.

But forget about the "when the war hits" stuff. That won't be ham radio. There won't be anyone to offer ham radio licenses, no one to care what you say, to whom, or how you say it, and you don't want a radio signal on the air that someone can DF to your cache of goodies. When the fit hits the shan, ham radio should be pretty far from your mind or his.

Don't convince him he can be a hero and save the world. Don't convince him he can use it to keep in touch with family. Instead, convince him it is just plain fun. A neat hobby. Something that can possibly lead him to check further into communications at some point in the future. But ham radio is FUN. Tell him that. Show him that. And because it's fun, don't be the parent who says, in effect, "I like it, so you have to also." That's forcing a kid to live your life instead of his own.

Show him. If he seems interested, show him more. If not, teach him baseball or bowling, or hunting or fishing. Let HIM pick his hobbies.

Good luck

[KU0DM]

You shouldn't try and teach him anything yet.

Let HIM teach himself, then ask you for questions. The reason I say that is many of us young people prefer exploring something by ourselves THEN asking questions once we learn about it.

Make a contact, let him make a few. Then don't push him. If he is interested, good! He will snoop around on the internet, then learn more about and starting going to you with questions.

I know. That is how I got into the hobby, and have gotten others into the hobby.

I am 13 years old here, so have a pretty good idea on getting young people into the hobby.

[ai4ep]

just tell him it is like cb, but with callsigns

Then when he asks " what is cb " just use the vfo of your hf rig to tune in 27.185 and listen to it for about 5 - 10 minutes ( if that long ) .

By then his cell phone should have started beeping ( or bzzing, or what ever they do these days ) and it is a 14 year old girl wanting to meet him at her house, as her parents are gone for the evening, and that they plan to study. { study ?? }

You folks need to get off this line of trying to ocnvert every one to a ham radio operator... that is part of the mess we are in now, we have folks who had no business selling their cb equipment and getting on the hamster bandwagon , all with a mission to " save the world " when the big one hits.

If 95% of these new folks had really been interested in becoming licensed amateur radio operators, they would have done so years back...like I did.

Do as I say, not as I do.....simple & to the point. :)

[K4JSR]

Bill sed, "So, explain to him that Ham Radio is composed of a bunch or moronic geeks who use the internet more than their fancy $ 2,000 radio. The radio and license is just for show."

But also tell him that they are "DUDES", right, Bill? :D

73 Cal K4JSR

[kc9jwa]

Thats a qestion, if ham radio is just for fun, why are the general, extra such a pain, i am a general, the extra man i have be calm not stressed, but i pass it to. It seems that ham isa hobby, yes but also can be important during storms, emergencys depending on how far you are into what services. I say just teach him the basics, if hes into it. listen to kuddom, he a good teacher for this to.:D:)

[kl7aj]

My 14 year old nephew whom is very intelligent; does really well in the realms of science, often asks me about Ham Radio. I however are not very good at explaining things- which explains why I never would've become a teacher of any sort. Honestly, I'm not even sure if he's interested in getting his ticket because I'm failing to explain the purpose(s)- the art/service/ hobby that it is. While I absolutely despise cell phones, I own one (pay as you go deal) because it's the only way I can keep in touch with family and friends that basically are almost totally unfamiliar with Ham Radio- and seem ti find it "too hard" to get licensed! We are often regarded as "geeks" as well! And, I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!

Sometimes I try to exlpain that outside of weather related diasters, there might come a time when Ham Radio might be the ONLY form of communication at which will be the ONLY way "the masses" will get their food, safety and comfort. And then I get regarded as one of those "nuts waiting for total catastrophy- survivialists, harboring anarchist type thinking"!

Please, what is one to do?

Any and all help will be apreciated- even if it was meant to be comical!

73!


Here is the definitive answer....from the very opening pages of the Opus:








INTRODUCTION

It may be only a dim and distant memory. At some time in your hazy past, you may have remembered descending a neighbor’s basement stairs, to be greeted with frightening, yet intriguing sounds and smells. Or you may have wondered why that house down the street had a clothesline on the roof, and the lights from the corner window room blazed all night, every night. It seemed every neighborhood had one of them. They seemed to live amongst us, but never quite with us.
It wasn’t your imagination. What you encountered was the radio amateur, more commonly known as the ham. And, they are still amongst us. To be certain, their form has changed; their mysterious activities are no longer as likely to turn their house into a smoldering pile of rubble, or take out a large portion of the power grid, but they are there, nevertheless.
Amateur Radio is as old as radio itself. The hobby is populated by that unique brand of person that can never leave well enough alone. It is because of that distaste for the status quo that radio was “invented” in the first place. (We are careful to use quotes around invented because discovered is a much more appropriate term. Much more on this topic will be explored in the following pages).
There are few endeavors in life where people are pretty much free to explore their wildest scientific whims, within some quite reasonable governmental restrictions, as they are within Amateur Radio. Most of society takes a pretty dim view of kitchen-counter biological experimentation, for instance, which is why we don’t hear much these days about Amateur Medicine. Likewise, the opportunities for garage nuclear experimentation are rather limited, despite one lad’s well-publicized and unfortunate experience with this “hobby.” (For further bizarre reading, check out recent Internet references to The Nuclear Boy Scout).
Where else but in Amateur Radio, can one collect a few spare parts from a garage sale, fling together a zero-budget radio transmitter, toss a wire over a tree, and communicate with other like-minded people on the other side of the world with no commercial or government infrastructure whatsoever, and do it perfectly legally? Where else but in Amateur Radio can an ambitious youth (or oldster, for that matter), for the price of a high-performance gaming computer, bounce radio signals off the Moon from his own back yard? Where else but Amateur Radio, can Joe Six-Pack make a significant contribution to scientific knowledge without a massive government research grant?
Where, indeed?
Now, any human activity that’s been around for as long as Amateur Radio is bound to accumulate a certain amount of mythology along the way. Although Amateur Radio is a highly scientific endeavor, it’s also a very artistic one. In fact, one of the key points of our very charter, as spelled out by the government entity that regulates Amateur Radio, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is the stipulation that we “...advance the state of the radio art...”
It’s both curious and significant that the FCC specifically uses the term art instead of science, or, more contemporarily, technology. This is explicit acknowledgment that there is always more than one way to shoe a horse...or skin a rabbit...or do just about any human task. Although the laws of physics under which Amateur Radio operates are absolutely fixed, how we decide to take advantage of those underlying laws is, indeed, an art form. This is where the magic, poetry, mythology, and lore of Amateur Radio comes in. The development of the Amateur Radio art has followed a winding path, with dead ends, forks, and countless rickety bridges along the way. In fact, it consists of many parallel paths, each blazed by enterprising experimenters who had to find their own way through the wilderness...not a wilderness of place, but a wilderness of knowledge.
And the journey is far from over. The Handbook of Amateur Radio Knowledge and Lore will help you, the curious potential radio amateur, to find your way through this wilderness, and help you blaze your own trails.

73,
Eric P. Nichols, KL7AJ
North Pole, AK 2007

[KC6ZLV]

just tell him it is like cb, but with callsigns

Then when he asks " what is cb " just use the vfo of your hf rig to tune in 27.185 and listen to it for about 5 - 10 minutes ( if that long ) .


I think the goal here is to encourage the kid's interest in radio, not scare the hell out of him.

[N9MOQ]

Ham Radio (also sometimes called: Amateur Radio)

Ham Radio is a hobby and public service enjoyed by millions of people throughout the world.

A Ham Radio Operator uses advanced radio equipment to communicate with other Ham Radio Operators for public service, emergency communications for community emergency response teams, severe weather spotting, communication to far away countries, recreation and self-training.

In times of crisis and natural disasters, Ham Radio provides emergency communications when telephone, cell phones and other means of communications fail. Unlike commercial systems, Ham Radio is not as dependent on terrestrial facilities that can be destroyed.

Ham Radio operators are also experienced in improvising antennas and power sources and most equipment can be powered by an automobile battery. Annual "Field Days" are held in many countries to practice these emergency improvisational skills. Amateur radio operators can use hundreds of frequencies and can quickly establish networks tying disparate agencies together to enhance interoperability.

Where severe storms are possible, storm spotting groups such as SKYWARN in the United States coordinate Ham Radio operators to keep track of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. Reports from spotters and chasers are given to the National Weather Service to warn the general public. Spotters also give reports during winter storms, floods, hurricanes and wildfires.

One technique to communicate over long distances is to use the surface of the moon as a passive reflector. Earth-Moon-Earth operation, or EME, allows communications between any two places on the earth which can see the moon at the same time.

Over 70 communication satellites have been launched into earth orbit for Ham Radio use. Some can even be accessed using a small handheld walkie-talkie.

Hams are also often able to make contact with the International Space Station as many astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed as Ham Radio Operators for emergency back-up communications.

In all countries, Ham Radio Operators are required to be licensed and pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements in order to avoid interference with other Hams and other radio services.

Licensees previously needed to demonstrate proficiency in Morse Code, but beginning in 1991 the Federal Communications Commission began to reduce or eliminate the code requirements. All Morse Code testing requirements for US Hams was eliminated on February 23, 2007. This is in keeping with changes in international law, which no longer mandates Morse Code testing, as well as a view by the FCC that the code requirement is a barrier to qualified individuals.

After licensing, a radio amateur's local government issues a unique callsign to the Ham Radio Operator. The holder of a callsign uses it on the air to legally identify the operator or station during any and all radio communication.

In contrast to most commercial and personal radio services, Hams are not restricted to using type-approved equipment, and some Hams home-construct or modify equipment in any way so long as they meet spurious emission standards.

Hams have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, enabling choice of frequency to enable effective communication whether across a city, a region, a country, a continent or the whole world regardless of season or time day or night. The shortwave bands, or HF, can facilitate worldwide communication, the VHF and UHF bands offer excellent regional communication, and the broad microwave bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for television transmissions and high-speed data networks.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission licenses operators in the Ham Radio Service to promote radio experimentation, to provide public service, and to maintain a pool of trained operators. In exchange for passing the federal test, licensed operators are allowed to use some 1300 distinct modes of communications at effective radiated power levels ranging from microwatts to thousands of watts.

When traveling abroad, the visiting ham must follow the rules of the country in which she or he wishes to operate. Some countries have reciprocal operating agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license.

Hams in the United States may apply to be registered with the Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US Government Military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services.

The birth of Ham Radio in general was mostly associated with various amateur experimenters. Throughout its history, Ham radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by Ham radio operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency.

There are also famous Ham Radio Operators such as King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Walter Cronkite, and radio host Art Bell. Others include Joe Walsh of the Eagles, Lance Bass, the late Barry Goldwater, the late Chet Atkins, the late Marlon Brando, King Hussein of Jordan, Patty Loveless, Ronnie Milsap and Jean Shepherd, as well as most of the launched astronauts and cosmonauts.

[KU0DM]

You kidding me?

Being able to mess with people you don't know, who don't know YOU, and not getting in trouble for it?

Adolescents would LOVE CB if they tried it!

(I don't, but several of my friends would like messing with people on CB)

[W5HTW]

Ham Radio (also sometimes called: Amateur Radio)

Ham Radio is a hobby and public service enjoyed by millions of people throughout the world.

A Ham Radio Operator uses advanced radio equipment to communicate with other Ham Radio Operators for public service, emergency communications for community emergency response teams, severe weather spotting, communication to far away countries, recreation and self-training.

In times of crisis and natural disasters, Ham Radio provides emergency communications when telephone, cell phones and other means of communications fail. Unlike commercial systems, Ham Radio is not as dependent on terrestrial facilities that can be destroyed.

Ham Radio operators are also experienced in improvising antennas and power sources and most equipment can be powered by an automobile battery. Annual "Field Days" are held in many countries to practice these emergency improvisational skills. Amateur radio operators can use hundreds of frequencies and can quickly establish networks tying disparate agencies together to enhance interoperability.

Where severe storms are possible, storm spotting groups such as SKYWARN in the United States coordinate Ham Radio operators to keep track of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. Reports from spotters and chasers are given to the National Weather Service to warn the general public. Spotters also give reports during winter storms, floods, hurricanes and wildfires.

One technique to communicate over long distances is to use the surface of the moon as a passive reflector. Earth-Moon-Earth operation, or EME, allows communications between any two places on the earth which can see the moon at the same time.

Over 70 communication satellites have been launched into earth orbit for Ham Radio use. Some can even be accessed using a small handheld walkie-talkie.

Hams are also often able to make contact with the International Space Station as many astronauts and cosmonauts are licensed as Ham Radio Operators for emergency back-up communications.

In all countries, Ham Radio Operators are required to be licensed and pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements in order to avoid interference with other Hams and other radio services.

Licensees previously needed to demonstrate proficiency in Morse Code, but beginning in 1991 the Federal Communications Commission began to reduce or eliminate the code requirements. All Morse Code testing requirements for US Hams was eliminated on February 23, 2007. This is in keeping with changes in international law, which no longer mandates Morse Code testing, as well as a view by the FCC that the code requirement is a barrier to qualified individuals.

After licensing, a radio amateur's local government issues a unique callsign to the Ham Radio Operator. The holder of a callsign uses it on the air to legally identify the operator or station during any and all radio communication.

In contrast to most commercial and personal radio services, Hams are not restricted to using type-approved equipment, and some Hams home-construct or modify equipment in any way so long as they meet spurious emission standards.

Hams have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, enabling choice of frequency to enable effective communication whether across a city, a region, a country, a continent or the whole world regardless of season or time day or night. The shortwave bands, or HF, can facilitate worldwide communication, the VHF and UHF bands offer excellent regional communication, and the broad microwave bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for television transmissions and high-speed data networks.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission licenses operators in the Ham Radio Service to promote radio experimentation, to provide public service, and to maintain a pool of trained operators. In exchange for passing the federal test, licensed operators are allowed to use some 1300 distinct modes of communications at effective radiated power levels ranging from microwatts to thousands of watts.

When traveling abroad, the visiting ham must follow the rules of the country in which she or he wishes to operate. Some countries have reciprocal operating agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license.

Hams in the United States may apply to be registered with the Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS). Once approved and trained, these amateurs also operate on US Government Military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services.

The birth of Ham Radio in general was mostly associated with various amateur experimenters. Throughout its history, Ham radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by Ham radio operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency.

There are also famous Ham Radio Operators such as King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Walter Cronkite, and radio host Art Bell. Others include Joe Walsh of the Eagles, Lance Bass, the late Barry Goldwater, the late Chet Atkins, the late Marlon Brando, King Hussein of Jordan, Patty Loveless, Ronnie Milsap and Jean Shepherd, as well as most of the launched astronauts and cosmonauts.

And FUN!!!

[N5PAR]

I was an emergency paramedic for over 20 years and a volunteer firefighter for almost that long. I started as a firefighter and after a few years got into paramedicine when it was in it's infancy. I sounded like something fun and exciting to do. I never thought about the "Glory".

From what I have read on this thread their seems to be a differnece of opinion as to what Ham radio is about. Being the hero that relays messages of importance during the height of a some sort of disaster. Others mentioned the fun of meeting and talking to many different people from different walks of life. The latter being my personal reason for getting into Amature Radio. Don't get me wrong because of my back ground I will do what I can during emergencies but that is certainly not the reason I got into it.

I my years of EMS quite a few people became paramedics thinking they were going to be the hero. They quickly saw that part of being a paramedic included hosing the blood clots and gray matter out the back of your ambulance after a shooting was not all that glamours. They found that few people even bother to thank you for helping them. The ones who were expecting glory and praise didn't last long.

My point with all this is that everyone has a reason for doing just about everything. Just as Ham's have a variety of reasons for becoming one.
We all want and expect different results. Although I do fell that if someone gets into it only to "save the day" in a disaster they are doing it for the wrong reason. I am sure someone will disagree with me but that is the way I feel.

You should do it because it's fun and you want to not because want to save the World.

[W5HTW]

That is what I preach. Want to be a hero? Become a cop or firefighter. Or paramedic.

Want to have fun on the radio? Become a ham

[w4rot]

Gawd...How about ask the the kid and see what he likes to do.
Help him with that, Uncle.
Simple task.
rot

[K0RGR]

I'm getting ready to teach another Technician Class next weekend. It's always interesting to ask why people are taking the class.

These days, the answer usually revolves around SKYWARN, since they push ham radio as the preferred means of communicating with NWS during weather events, and we have a highly organized SKYWARN group. Indeed, NWS here advertises our class on the weather radio, which is where we get many of our recruits!

But, for me, it's a fascination with radio. Radio IS magic, pure and simple.

How else can you explain that without any connecting wires, I can sit here in my house and poke a telegraph key, or speak into a microphone, and people can hear me half way around the world? I can do it from my home, or I can do it from out in the woods where there is no Internet. I can use satellites to relay my signals, or I can bounce them off the moon, or I can bounce them off 'thin air'.

Oh, over the years, I've learned a lot about how radio really works, but it's still magic. I enjoy being a wizard, too. We radio wizards tend to stick together, and really like getting together to practice our craft. It's one of the few places where 12 year olds and 80 year olds call each other 'old man', and consider each other peers.

If nothing else, refer him to the new Mountain Dew commercial with the good looking babe 'playing on her ham radio'. That should get his attention.

[w3dub]

As Skywarn coordinator here in Berks County, I can speak first hand on the push for hams in Skywarn. Personally, it makes my job a whole lot easier. Rather than having to have my cell phone ring off the hook during severe weather events (which could even fail in and of itself) the radio really is a better means.

But yes, the "magic" of radio you speak of is what got me too. I still am trying to learn all I can about propagation. If anything, that is what fascinates me the most.

If I may ask.. is this a several day class?

[W5HTW]

There is a romance in amateur radio that cannot be contained in VHF EMCOM. As RGR says, it is magic.

Coming from another era, yes, another century, I find sitting at the radio, being part of the "beep beep" world of late night CW, makes me a cousin of those early maritime operators who pounded a key on a ship or shore station, in the wee hours of the night. The imagination takes me to places I could never visit in real life, for they involve not just another location, but another time.

Nothing like it.

[WF7A]

"I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!"

73 Cal K4JSR

*psst!* I think you meant this:

http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=chic&x=0&y=0

...instead of this:

http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=sheik&x=0&y=0


...unless you're a geeky Persian then you'd be okay.

[kb3laz]

"I remind "those people" that GEEK is the new sheik!"

I think that the folks who inhabit "THE ZED" are a very diverse bunch.

I think we have a rather eclectic collective appitite, *BUT* I do not think any of us go around biting the heads off of live chickens!! :eek:

Seriously, if you have trouble explaining ham radio try demonstrating some of the things that you do as a ham. One good demonstration is worth 1 X 10^4
words.

Some NERDS CANDY while demonstrating ham radio may help! :D

73 Cal K4JSR

Oh I dont know about bitting off the head of a chicken but you would be surprised to see me at a ham fest (most hams are), lol. Then again most people are surprised to see a 20 year old Harley ridding, Gothic, psychology major, Amateur radio operator:D (it really surprises them when I open the door for people:eek:).

Now back to the original topic. You dont want to force him to learn, he will do so at his own speed. Although a little encouragement is not a bad thing. The digital modes might appeal to his age group a little more. If you happen to have a box of old qst magazines from the 80s-now just lying around send him home with those. The colourful illustrations may just peak his interests Maybe take him to a hamfest and show him the massive amounts of diverse radio equipment. Yet another way to grab his attention would be at field day. The the explanation that you can talk to people all over the world without a direct
connection might even help. Or maybe even show him all of the ham radio website designed by hams to show their devotion to the hobby, he could even make one for free when he gets his ticket. Oh and I believe you mentioned that he is good in the realm of science, then maybe a small kit for his birth day would help to peak his interest as well.

Good luck and I hope nephew gets his ticket.
73